STUDY ON AIRBUS CRASH BY ANALOGY TO DISHWASHER SLUMP

STUDY ON AIRBUS CRASH BY ANALOGY TO DISHWASHER SLUMP

                  Sohei Matsuno, Prof. (ret.) of freelance, Dr. (Eng.) without boundaries

            Jamillah Restaurant Group, Palembang, Indonesia

E-mail: sohei_matsuno@yahoo.com

            Kimora Matsuno, Student, Singapore International School

ABSTRACT                    

The first writer (He) has studied four Airbus-crash events happened in 444 days between 2014 and 2016. Findings are: (i) there’d been herald event in 2009, (ii) they’ve 10 points of similarity, (iii) he considers one common cause ‘Fatigue in Cockpit Fuselage’ for all, (iv) institutions concerned establish event-by-event different causes, even one of which doesn’t characterize any one of the 10 points of similarity. Despite unconformities with facts, no review appears, as being obsessed by a premise, ‘flawless plane & system.’ This isn’t an isolated matter in the society of Airbus-crash study only, but is common to studies in all oligopoly societies. No competition is its cause. To realize this fact is the first step to treat the matter.

The second writer (She) studies a dishwasher. Food, clothing and housing are three basic items of life. A dishwasher is of the food. It’s one of the indispensables for the people to fit the flow of life. Despite the fact, and unlike a clothes-washer, a dishwasher has yet to become a staple in every kitchen. Really, dishwashers are slump in a market. It’s because the current dishwashers are products of a wrong premise, ‘High-speed-sol-jet is a sole solution.’ While studying, the writers need to forward a new dishwasher based on a right premise.

A tactical purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect of oligopoly on a study by analogy between the Airbus crashes (in an oligopoly society) and the dishwasher slump (in a competition society). A strategic purpose is to establish a new idea Foam Dishwasher.

The writers wait and see responses from the societies concerned.

Keywords: Airbus crash, dishwasher market slump, study in oligopoly society

INTRODUCTION

General

Every study starts with a theme. In a theme selection, the first thing necessary is if the theme meets the necessity of the society (at least, of the study field). Among others, the two matters of importance are: if the researcher ‘is interrested in’ and ‘has power to perform’ it. Once a study starts, it should end with establishing a right theory.

The first step of the study is investigations, based on which premises are set up. Next is induction of hypotheses among which the one that best follows the premises is the most probable hypothesis. Last, its justice should be deductively proven by sufficient evidence. Then, the hypothesis has become a theory.

A study in an oligopoly society is apt to proceed with a dogmatic (often wrong) premise which induces faulty hypothesis that forces to deduce a false theory. This symptom has been courteously bred in and kindly protected by the oligopoly society, and inevitably often results in matters.

Further, the oligopoly society is well governed by a computer-programmed-automatic-control system (simply, the System). Under the System, people used to judge everything within the programs. The society, vice versa, lacks in ability to deal with matters happened or to happen beyond the programs. Disaster, accident and terrorist attack are the three big names among the matters.

Wrong Premise

In the Case of Airbus-Crash Causation Study

The wrong premise is, ‘flawless plane and its computer-programmed-automatic-control system (simply, flawless plane and system).’ It’s, vice versa, defended Airbus’ oligopoly.

A point in issue is, “If the society of the Airbus-crash study reconsiders the wrong premise.” To be regret, it’s hopelessly improbable, even if a correct premise is given.

In the Case of Dishwasher-Production Study

The wrong premise is, ‘High-speed-sol jet is a sole solution.’

How has the wrong premise been being?  The writers herein answer this question briefly:

Generally in washing, there’re three determinants, viz. aqueous solution of detergent (simply sol), sol’s temperature and dynamic energy (flow speed). Detergent originally has two functions, viz. solvent’s dirt dissolution and surfactant’s dirt separation & wrapping. The effects of the three determinants on washing are, ‘the more, the better,’ within their respective practical ranges. After washing, the disposed dirt flows away by rinsing.

Here’s a particular condition in dish-washing. That is, unlike clothes, dishes can’t be rubbed together or squeezed. Given the condition, dishwasher-production society had simplistically and/or complacently provided a wrong premise as stated above. The society has been being possessed by this premise up until now.

A point in issue is, “If the society of dishwasher-production study reconsiders the premise.” To be pleasure, it’s hopefully probable, if a correct premise is given.

Consequences of the wrong Premises

In the Case of Airbus-Crash Causation Study

As the premise establishes flawless plane and system, the hypotheses that follow the premise get nowhere other than  attributing the cause to either a pilot error (if the plane was operated by pilots) or a terrorist attack (if the plane was controlled by the System). This way of thinking has been kept unchanged throughout the past causation studies. Really, except the cases where obvious evidence, all the causal theories have attributed plane crashes to these two categories of causes. [10] is one of the majority examples, and [09] is one of the minority exceptions.

He doesn’t say, “All the past causal theories are wrong.” But he suggests, “Some are to be reviewed.” He presented a causal theory for the five Airbus crashes, [01] ~ [08]. But there’s been no sign of a theory revision on institutions’ part. The 5-time repetitions of Airbus crashes of the same pattern are the consequences of the above stated wrong premise.

In the Case of dishwasher-production Study

The wrong premise, with which the dishwasher-maker society is still being possessed, has brought about a lot of inconvenient consequences as stated in the next SECT.

In Both the Cases

The consequences won’t disappear, unless the wrong premises are withdrawn, either overtly or covertly.

Purposes of this Paper

A primary (tactical) purpose of this paper is to show how studies are being affected by a politico-economic circumstance, i.e., oligopoly in the society concerned. To fulfill this purpose, an analogy between Airbus-crash events (in an oligopoly society) and a selected counter-event (in a competition society) is made.

A dishwasher market slump is chosen as the counter-event. While pursuing the study, the writers need to establish a new dishwasher. Hence, it becomes a secondary (strategic) purpose of this paper. In this context, this paper is a necessary preliminary for the prospective studies in which the dishwasher is to be a primary (tactical) objective.

DISHWASHER IN CURRENT MARKET

As stated in the previous SECT., dishes (generally tableware) can’t be rubbed or squeezed as clothes can be. Hence, dishwashers in current markets are such a type that blows off dirt with high-speed-sol jets from rotating injection nozzles. See Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Typical structure of current dishwashers (origin: [12])

Fig. 1 explains basic elements of a typical current dishwasher. Its bulkhead is watertight. But it isn’t totally filled with sol. Only its basin at the bottom is. There’s a heater to heat the sol to 70 ~ 100 (˚C).

In a washing stage, a pump propels up the sol and sprays it against the dirty dishes. By the reaction of the jets, the arms that hold the spray jets rotate like a sprinkler. When the washing is finished, the sol drains down to the basin again, where the pump propels the sol out of the dishwashe­r. The drain sol goes right into the pipes under a sink. In some types of dishwasher, it travels up a hose upto the sink and drains into its drain pipe. See Fig. 2.

Next is a rinsing stage. This time, the pump propels fresh water.

The final stage in a wash cycle is optional, the drying. The heating element at the bottom of the dishwasher heats the air inside to help the dishes dry. Some do it without heat to save cost.

                    

Fig. 2 Typical dishwasher-sink drain connection (Origin: [15])

The mechanism of a current dishwasher explained above is a derivative from a wrong premise. It’s brought about a lot of inconvenient consequences as follows:

(1)   Current dishwashers must have strong-watertight bulkhead (usually made of stainless steel), hence, the device is inevitably bulky (big-space occupation, poor portability) and washing performance is invisible. Refer to Fig. 1 & 2.

(2)   As the mechanism is apt to be broken by foam, popular detergent is inapplicable. Special detergent, in which the quantity of surfactant (the very source of the foam) is minimized, must be exclusively used.

(3)   To complement the consequential surfactant-function deficiency, detergent sol must strengthen its solvent-function by heightening sol’s temperature.

(4)   The jets inevitably have blind spots. Any dish that enters in the spots can’t be washed properly.

(5)   Due to high-speed-jet pressure, little & light dishes must be fixed with a rack so as not to be blown off. Thin glasses are inapplicable to current dishwashers as they’d be broken if applied.

(6)   The high prices & operation costs of current dishwashers are also due to the inappropriate mechanical-structural choices based on the wrong premise. According to makers’ advertisements, the prices range from $ 500 to 1000. The advertisements also say, ‘A dishwasher uses 23 (L/cycle) of water on average. Even a saving-type dishwasher uses 7 (L/cycle).’ The use of electricity ranges from 0.8 to 1.6 (kWh/cycle).

Note: The ranges are all due to the capacity of the respective dishwashers.

(7)   A conclusive consequence is seen in a diffusion ratio. In The USA, it is 92 (%), but in Japan, 25 (%) and in Indonesia, 0₊ (%). The diffusion ratio is governed by various factors such as people’s income, a labor cost, culture for labor, people’s confidence on the machine etc. In The USA, all the above determinant factors are in favor of a dishwasher, In Japan, a critical factor is people’s sense of distrust towards dishwasher’s fidelity. In Indonesia, rich people doubt dishwasher’s performance and prefer hands’ works to machine’s works. For ordinary and poor people, a dishwasher is simply unaffordable to purchase. No wonder many dishwasher makers are retreating from the market.

Note: Nonetheless, the market is still in competition.

To salvage the dishwasher from the current market slump, a new idea ‘Foam Dishwasher’ shall herein make its debut.

FOAM DISHWASHER OF NEW IDEA

General

Nowadays, all the oligopoly societies are controlled by the System. It’s uneasy for a new idea to be born in such a society. A creative person is often marginalized in an oligopoly society as ‘persona non grata,’ since the person is apt to disrupt operations that should be executed as programmed.

A new idea is born in a society of a high-degree-of-freedom system of meditation where creative persons can exhibit their ability. In this context, a new idea is born in another independent body and brought into the oligopoly society where it’ll be cross fired at best or marginalized at worst. This aspect is common in all the societies of such.

In competition societies, however, things will go in a different way. A new idea isn’t necessarily cross-fired or marginalized. It may be unwelcome at first. But the situation doesn’t last long. A good new idea can survive the ordeal. The writers anticipate that this mechanism will work in the dishwasher-makers’ competition society.

Premise which Foam Dishwasher follows

Foam Dishwasher follows a premise, ‘Detergent exhibits better detergency in a foam phase than in a sol phase.’ What it says is generally true, regardless of foam’s and sol’s mode (static or dynamic) and/or temperature (high or low).

A popular theory says, “Foam itself doesn’t possess detergency but sol does. Foam indicates sol’s detergency indirectly, as the detergent’s essential component, surfactant, has a property of foaming;” adding “The foam prevents clothes or hairs from being damaged, as foam plays roles of ball-bearings & cushions to reduce friction between them.”

The premise categoricaly disagrees the first part of the statements. The latter part may be true; but it’s irrelevant to dish-washing.

Studies to establish the Premise, induce and deduce a Hypothesis for Foam Dishwasher

General

The premise had been established after one-year long studies of learning papers and tests at the Jamillah Restaurant Group Lab, Palembang, Indonesia. See Photo 1. Based on the premise, a hypothesis for Foam Dishwasher was induced. The Foam Dishwasher has been subjected to practical tests at the same Restaurant to deduce its workability.

In this paper, a dishwasher plays a secondary role. Paper’s primary subject is Airbus crash. To fulfill the role, the study on the dishwasher is enough only to confirm Foam Dishwasher’s workability in principle. Going with it, the study is limited in scope* and qualitative in analyses **

*   Detergency may be more or less influenced by temperature, the nature of air and water.  They’re different zone-by-zone. But the tests have been done only in Palembang.

** In the study of washing, detergency is usually represented by a Cleaning rate (C_r) defined by Expression (1).   Go to next page ↓

.     

         (a) Restaurant                                                                                            (b) Lab

Photo 1 Main Jamillah Restaurant and its lab

→                 C_r (%) = W_s / (W_s + W_r) × 100 ----------------- (1)

Where W_s: Weight of dirt removed by washing and screened by filter after washing, W_r: ditto remained on dishes after washing.

But the writers do not use such a quantitative variable that results in numbers, but use a qualitative variable that results in Boolean (Yes or No). It needs no measure tools but eyes & fingers. The reason of the choice is simple, “Eye-finger sensing is easy and enough to achieve the purposes of the study.”

Comment: To be reinforced with more expanded–quantitative tests in due diligent studies. Nonetheless, the writers are sure that the points discussed in this paper are all globally true at least qualitatively. Readers are convinced of it with the following Explanations.

Explanations

∆ Tests of sol

(1)  Tests to compare the detergency of sol of have foam and sol of haven’t foam

Sol of have foam and sol of haven’t foam in the headline can be read foam in sol and no-foam in sol. Each pair of the two expressions is different but has the same meaning. They’re used case by case in this paper for better convincing.

The tests had been already done by one of the top washing machine makers, [14]. It denies the popular theory by saying, “Sol of haven’t foam shows insignificant detergency. Sol of have foam shows significant detergency.” The maker proved it by simple tests with two kinds of sol of have and haven’t foam. It shows no causal theory of the phenomenon. The writers do it on behalf of the maker as explained in the following Item (2) and (3).

(2)   Tests by the writers to cross-check [14]

      The facts given by [14] are verified by the writers’ tests. The two kinds of sol of have and haven’t foam are prepared by shaking bottles filled with sol of the 0.1 (%) conc. Immediately after shaking, the sol has big-size rising bubbles. These bottles of sol are used for the former. After shaking, keep bottles undisturbed for about 30 (min), and the big-size bubbles have gone away above the sol at 3-cm/sec rising velocity on average, leaving only small-size bubbles suspending in the sol.  These bottles of sol are used for the latter. Hence, the sol used for the latter has no big-size rising bubbles but has small-size ones in a colloidal phase. Test specimens are broken pieces of dirty dishes. Other test criteria are all the same as [14]. The test results agree to [14], provided one word ‘rising’ is added in front of every word ‘foam’ in the sentence written with Italic letters in Item (1).

      By the way, it’s right if the popular theory would say, “Bubbles in a colloidal phase do little in washing.”

                                                                       

(3) Tests by the writers to reinforce [14]

In the tests of above two items, dirt on the specimens may be loosened to some extent by being immersed in sol of haven’t rising foam. However, the loosened dirt can’t be taken away because the sol is not flowing. The rising foam in sol can take away dirt in corporation with foam’s separation / wrapping functions. The matter is, ‘sol around the rising foam also rises as being raised by the rising foam, hence, the rising sol may also be able to take away the dirt on the dishes.’ Therefore, its effect must be singled out. Tests for this purpose are done with a device consists of four components, viz. an L-35, W-25, H-7 (cm) basin, a pump, a ф_in-1 (cm) lift hose and a ф_in-10, h_in-15 (cm) cylindrical bottle.

See Photo 2.

Photo 2 Test device for Item (3)

The basin is filled by sol in which a water pump (right) with a lift hose (center) and a bottle (left) are placed. The water pump is an underwater type airation pump. Its aspiration and air-blower nozzles are plugged. Its water-lifting nozzle is active and connected with the lift hose whose other end is placed at a base of the bottle. When the pump is switched on, the sol in the basin is pumped up to the bottle and overflows it with a constant pumping volume. The needed rising sol velocity of 3 (cm/sec) in the bottle is realized by controling pumping power and confirmed by measuring overflowing water quantity.

The result is: ‘Flowing sol of haven’t rising foam’ exerts a visible effect on washing. However, it takes much longer time to achieve the same detergent result than ‘sol of have rising foam’ does. That is, the detergency is shared by both the rising foam and the rising sol. It's been qualitatively known that the effect of the former is greater than of the latter. But it’s quantitatively unknown how much % each effect shares.

∆ Tests of foam

(4) Learn dynamics of foam

     Sol per se is internally static. It is dynamic only when externally excited, e.g., given motion by propelling pump or by rising bubbles. Hence, the driving power of detergency isn’t sol itself but foam in sol.

On the other hand, foam in air is internally dynamic itself without external excitation. Why can it to be so? Its mechanism is as follows: Foam in air ceaselessly changes the status of its films, i.e., each bubble in foam reduces its upper side film thickness due to gravitation and capillarity, ending up in bursts (it happens anywhere in foam). When foam meets air of lower relative humidity than its own, it bursts more intensively than the above (it happens at foam’s surfaces exposed to open air). The phenomenon is called defoaming. That is; each bubble has potential energy that exerts work-done when it bursts. In addition to each bubble’s dynamics, foam has on-the-whole dynamics. That is, in the Foam Dishwasher, volume reduction due to defoaming is to be balanced with volume expansion by foaming at the bottom sol basin. It means that the foam has an upward motion. Then it’s dynamics as a whole too. Dirt is ceaselessly met by fresh-dynamic foam. All the above stated dynamics of foam + its original functions, solvent and surfactant, are foam’s propelling power of detergency.

(5) Tests to confirm or deny the temperature effects on foam’s detergency

Like sol, is the detergency of foam in air magnified by temperature? An answer to this question has important meaning in washing, hence, it should be tested.

The tests are done a tool of three components: viz. (i) a ф-30 (cm), H-10 (cm) size gas range, (ii) a 10 (watt) power, a 16 (L/min) output-air out-water-type air pump (underwater-type isn’t applicable because of high temperature) and (iii) a ф-36 (cm), H-46 (cm) boiler tank with a rack in it. Refer to Photo 3.

The tests need a preparatory work, i.e., to let foam’s volume reduction by defoaming be balanced with the volume expansion by foaming. In this way, the foam’s top surface elevation (foam EL) measured from the sol surface datum level (sol DL) during the tests can be kept constant. It, in effect, makes the conc. of detergent sol be constant throughout the tests as stated below.

The constant foam EL can be realized by controlling either foaming or defoaming. Defoaming is uneasy to control but Foaming is easy. The foaming can be governed by the conc. of detergent sol. If other test conditions are the same, the greater the detergent sol conc. is, the greater the forming magnitude is. Given conditions are (i) a blower is of 16-(L/min) output air and (ii) a sectional area of the tank to be filled by foam is 1000 (cm²). Under this condition, foaming and defoaming are to be balanced at the foam EL of 30 (cm) in under 2 (min) after the beginning of foaming, ‘when the detergent sol conc. is 0.1 (%).’ All the tests concerned are done with this foam EL (30-cm above the sol DL) and the sol detergent conc. of 0.1 (%).

Fix four blower outlets at the bottom of the tank. Fill the tank with sol of the 0.1-% conc. by 12-cm deep. Sol temperature is measured ±25 (˚C). Have dishes set on a rack in the tank so that the 10-cm lower parts of dishes are in sol, their upper parts and other dishes are between the sol DL and the foam EL. Other small tableware is placed on the rack so that some are under and others are above the sol DL. Now, it’s been ready to start testing.

Photo 3 Test device for temperature effects on foam’s detergency

Legend: From left to right: Gas cartridge, gas range, boiler tank, blower tubes, out-water-type air pump

                   

Switches on both the blower and gas range. Gas range fire is so controlled as to meet the following processing.

Before boiling, only air bubbles are seen rising. It takes a little less than 2 (min) till air foam reaches the foam EL of 30-cm high from the sol DL and stops there.

Anytime after it, let sol boil. It starts raising vapor bubbles above the sol DL. Then, the foam in the tank is mixed foam of air and vapor. The foam EL rises again.

Reduce vapor-foaming by weakening gas fire. It’s to be adjusted so that the vapor foam reaches the sol DL but doesn’t exceed it, as it bursts there. Then, only air foam is rising into the air space of the tank. The vapor foam contributes only to heat up the air foam by giving its vapor’s latent heat of fusion to the air foam.

The air foam recovers the 30-cm foam EL again, maybe at a slightly higher EL than it was before. Under this status, the temperature of sol is about 102 (˚C), and the temperature of the air foam in the tank distributes from the sol DL to the 30-cm foam EL at 102 ~ 30 (˚C).

It’s been confirmed that, after 10 (min) washing in the above condition, the dishes are 100 (%) uniformly clean. Thus it’s become clear, ‘There’s practically no effect of temperature on the detergency of foam in sol at 102 (˚C) and foam in air at between 30 and 102 (˚C).’

Comment: Foam is generally insusceptible to temperature in a range of 0 and 100 (˚C).

The test results reveal that high temperature isn’t needed in foam dish-washing.

(6) Tests to identify foam’s physical properties:

(i) The shape of bubbles in foam is observed nearly a cube whose sides are about 1 (mm).

(ii) The bulk density of foam is about 1500 (µg/cm³) = 1.500×10^-3 (g/cm³) vs. sol’s one is 1.001 (g/cm³).

(iii) Foam’s film thickness ranges from 10 (nm) at the foam EL to over 1000 (nm) near the sol DL. It’s 500 (nm) on average.

(iv)      (Internal-, external-cohesion) / (own weight) ratio are observed as follows:

     A Ф-5, h-10 (cm) foam specimen can self-stand without a mold. Of course sol can’t. It proves foam’s relatively great (internal-cohesion) / (own weight) ratio to sol’s one.

                         Foam can stick to a vertical, painted wall by 10s (mm) thick, but sol can do so only by approximately 10s (nm) thick. This phenomenon reveals foam’s relatively great (external-cohesion) / (own weight) ratio to sol’s one. Because of foam’s properties stated above, foam’s parpendicular pressure to Foam Dishwasher’s side walls is practically 0.

The data in this Item are obtained experimentally. That is, bubbles’ shape and size are measured by a magnifying rule glass. Foam’s volume and weight are by a measure bucket of 25-L capacity and a portable electronic scale of 1-kg capacity, 0.5-g accuracy. See Photo 4 (a) and (b).

               

 

(a)   Volume measure bucket                            (b) Portable electronic scale

Photo 4 Measurement of foam’s volume and weight

      (7) Observation of behavior of moving foam

The behavior of moving foam is observed throughout the foam tests.

      Because of properties stated in Item (6), foam is uneasy to flow laterally or downward into adjacent spaces. When bubbles’ size is greater than the space’s opening gap, it can’t flow into the spaces until bubbles’ size becomes smaller than the space’s opening-gap size. These are problems that do not exist in the case of current dishwashers. However, the problems have been solved by tests. Suitable arrangements of dishes on a rack are the solution.

      Further, unlike sol, foam can’t pass through cloth regardless of bubbles’ size, unless otherwise being pushed. Because of this nature together with foam’s nature stated in Item (6), Foam Dishwashers’ walls can be made of cloth.

∆ Tests to choose the best detergent phase, ‘foam in sol or foam in air’

By the tests stated in the above items, the basic properties such as detergent in a sol phase and a foam phase, in a static and dynamic mode, in low and high temperature have been clarified. Observing these data, two competitors that survived the workable-bankable detergent contest up to a final match have been found. They’re: foam in sol and foam in air. En passant, the defending champion, a current dishwasher, has been already technically knocked out.

Tests for the best have been done with equal test criteria for both challengers in terms of: (i) kinds of dirt & tableware, (ii) predisposal before washing, (iii) test devices, (iv) temperature of the sol & lab during tests, and (v) the exposing time to foam in sol or foam in air. The same test criteria for both the phases are simply realized by using one Foam Dishwasher in which the lower halves of dishes are immersed in sol in the bottom basin where they’re exposed to sol-phase washing, and the upper halves of the same dishes are placed above the sol DL where they’re exposed to foam-phase washing. The sol in the tests is circulating with rising foam at 3 (cm/sec) of speed. The foam is rising at 0.2 (cm/sec) of speed near the sol DL to near the foam EL. The rising speed of foam is 0 at the foam EL. Sol circulates getting power from rising foam in sol by buoyancy. The propelling power of raising foam in air is also the buoyancy of foam in sol.

The results yield that after 5-min washing, dirt remains a little but after 5 more min., it uniformly disappears except scorched and sticking ones. It means that they’re equally workable. Then, a judgment will be done with an answer to the next question, “Which is more bankable?” Of course, it’s foam in air, i.e., a Foam Dishwasher. Its price and running cost to the ones of foam in sol are both approximately 1/2.

En passant, if compared to the current dishwashers, one more zero (0) must be added to the denominator of the above fraction, i.e., it's to be 1/20.

Comment: All the tests involved in this paper are simple in principle and easy to practice. But in some test items, there’re some knowhow-like devices. For instance, to fill a 25-L measure bucket homogeneously with foam (of entrained air) without void (of entrapped air or remaining sol), it needs a device. All the test techniques like this will be explained in due dilligent study reports.

Structural aspects of Foam Dishwasher

Key Devices

      A Foam Dishwasher has three key devices, viz. an air pump, twin sinks and a shower. The air pump and the shower are devices to make and remove foam. One of the twin sinks is for washing and rinsing. The other is for predisposing, i.e., i.e., for immersing dishes in water. See Photo 5 (a), (b) and (c).

      It’s true that dishes’ dirt can’t be taken away only by immersing them in motionless sol or foam; though the dirt may be loosened by it to some extent. In order for sol or foam to be able to take away the loosened dirt, they must be moving. In this concern, however, a sol speed of 6 (m/sec) that some current dishwashers have is an overmuch device. The necessary speed for foam in sol or foam in air to be able to take away the loosened dirt is 3 or 0.2 (cm/sec) respectively.

      As the sol has, the foam also has both the functions of detergent, i.e., solvent and surfactant, since bubbles’ films are made of detergent sol. The dishes to be washed must contact always fresh sol or foam of having the two functions. In this context, the sol or foam must be moving. In a Foam Dishwasher, foam is made in a sink, rises up by its own buoyancy and pushes up the foam above the sol DL continuously.

      To make foam, an air pump is used. There’re 2 types of in- & out-water. The former needs the depth of sol of deeper than 12 (cm). The latter needs only 3-cm depth. It directly means that the latter’s detergent consumption is ¼ of the former. Together with better workability, durability and cheaper price of the latter than the former, an out-water type air pump may be used. It has 4 blower tubes of ф-2 (mm), 10 (watt) power, 4×4=16 (L/min) output air, 6×8×12 (cm) size, 500 (g) weight and 8 ($/unit) price.  However, if the dirt is sticky as in the case of a long-used frying pan, foam-in-sol washing with in-water air pump is better, since its depth of sol and the quantity of foam in sol is greater, circulation and waves in sol are stronger than of the foam in air washing. Hence, the foam in sol washing with an in-water air pump is preferable to form in air washing with an out-water air pump. In this connection, it’s worthy noting that the perfect removal of such dirt is anyway difficult by a dishwasher. It’s an example that needs complementary hand washing to some extent.

      The sinks are ordinary ones that are usually used in ordinary kitchens.

      Auxiliary Components

      Besides the above key devices, Foam Dishwasher needs some auxiliary components. Side walls, a top cover and racks shown in Photo 5 (d), (e) and (f) are the ones.

      Foam Dishwasher’s side walls are made of dishtowels. A top cover is nothing more than a dishtowel. Racks are steel-wire grids. All come to hand in markets or are improvised easily.

      

                 (a) Twin sinks, Sink-w (L) & Sink-p (R)                 (b) Aeration water pump         (c) Shower

           

                (d) Side walls                             (e) Top cover dishtowel                          (f) Racks

Photo 5 Devices & components used in Foam Dishwasher

Sink-w is a sink for washing; Sink-p is a sink for predisposal before washing.

All favorable consequences come from these points of structural simplicity as follows:

(1)   Unlike the conventional dishwashers, the Foam Dishwasher has no blind spot, since foam fully fills the washing sections.

(2)    Foam pressure against the bulkhead is small. Further, foam hardly leak through tiny slits. Hence, the bulkhead of the washing section is made of cloth. It makes the bulkhead be cheap, removable and enables for users to observe washing performance easily anytime they want.

(3)    Even if there’d be a foam leakage, first, it isn’t dangerous as its temperature is about 25 (˚C), second, it disappears when subjected open air that’s usually less relative humid than the air in foam, third, it disappears promptly when exposed to artificial dry air, e.g., from a hair dryer. This matter is solved by choosing the washing place just in front of an air-conditioner’s condensor. Its exhausting air has lower relative humidity than of open air by nature.

(4)    All kinds of tableware are applicable to a Foam Dishwasher. Even slender tableware needn’t be fixed while washed.

(5) Reflecting the above technical settings, market prices of a Foam Dishwasher may range from $ 10 to 15 (if an existing sink is avairable). It consumes water from 1.5 to 2 (L/cycle). Its electric energy consumption is between 0.02 and 0.03 (kWh/cycle). It uses 1.5~2 (g/cycle) detergent.

(6) The above stated settings of the Form Dishwasher will remove the price-cost barrier which the current dishwashers have. Foam Dishwasher’s structural transparency will dissolve another barrier, people’s diehard sense, ‘distrust for the fidelity of dishwasher,’ as well.

   

    How to use Foam Dishwasher

      General

      This Sub-Sect. is a first draft of the prospective, ‘Users’ Manual for Foam Dishwashers’.

     The following explanations are for a Form Dishwasher of 1-floor washing section (18-cm deep sink + 12-cm high side walls = 30-cm high). However, the washing floor can be added up to 3 floors by piling up two more 20-cm high side walls (30 + 2×20 = 70-cm high) with small adjustments, e.g., if the operation time is a control factor, increase detergent conc. To use an air pump of greater output needn’t be considered until a detergent-sol-conc. increase of up to saturation doesn’t solve the problem. The explanations are made as per the probable working steps.

     Explanations

Predisposal: The tableware to be washed is being immersed in a sink-p after having removed the matters of not the objects of washing (mainly plastic waste). Now, it’s been ready to be put into operation. See Photo 6 (a).

Note: The predisposal have two functions of loosing dirts and removing leftover (garbage). The garbage shall flow away from the sink-p down to a septic tank through a drain pipe with flashing water or sol. See Photo 6 (e).

1st: Plug sink-w’s drain. Pour water into the sink-w by ±3 (cm) deep. Its section is 35×40 (cm), hence, water is ±4 (L). See Photo 6 (a).

2nd: Have four blower tubes’ outlets fixed at the bottom of the sink-w. Place racks. Make a trial run of the blower. Having confirmed every blower outlet is blowing normally, switch off the blower. See Photo 6 (b).

3rd: Put in 4-g (a tablespoon-full measure of powder detergent or 3 tablespoonful liquid detergent). Any kind of detergent in markets is OK, except the ones used in current dishwashers. See Photo 6 (b).

 4th: Take out dishes from the sink-p where dishes have been deposited being immersed in water (or sol). Place the dishes at about 1 (cm) intervals in the rack almost vertically but a little turning upward. It doesn’t matter for dishes to have linear and/or point contacts each other.  Switch on the blower for operation. See Photo 6 (c).

5th: Place the side walls. About 2.5 (min) after switch on, the foam EL reaches 30-cm high from the sol DL, and stops its rising there. Place the top cover (dishtowel).

        See Photo 6 (d).

Note: The function of the dishtowel is: to let the foam deposit the dirt at the lower side of the dishtowel when it has reached the foam EL and bursts there. Some bubbles of foam burst before they reach the foam EL, leaving absorbed dirt there. It is picked up by bubbles just under the ones that have burst. Thus the dirt is mostly conveyed up to the foam EL

6th: Keep the situation 10 more min., switch off the blower. See Photo 6 (e).

7th: Turn on sink-w’s drain outlet so that sol drains down into a bucket placed under the sink-w. Remove the dishtowel. Dishes are found still being covered by remaining foam.

        See Photo 6 (f).

8th: Take away the side walls. Shower the dishes from all directions until foam disappears from the dishes’ surfaces. See Photo 6 (g).

Note: The rinse water drains into the bucket under the sink-w. The filtered sol is used 3 times adding lost detergent. Theoritically speaking, it may be used until it losses detergency. ‘3 times’ is rather a psycological limit. See Photo 6 (h).

9th: Lift the rack from the sink-w and place it on the sink-p. Check if foam remains. If not, the one cycle operation has ended. See Photo 6 (k).

Note:  As the dirt has been totally absorbed in the foam in the last stage, if there’s no foam remains, there’s no dirt remains too.

Postdisposal: Empty the filtered sol in a bucket under the sinks after washing into the sink-w and sinkp to get ready for a next operation.     

(a)      Sink-w (L) & sink-p (R)             (b) Give detergent                          (c) Arrange dishes in sink-w    

        

      

  (d) Place sidewalls while foaming             (e) Place top cover and continue foam washing

                                                                                                                   

     (f) Finish foam washing         (g) Rinse dishes by shower    (h) Pull out dishes from sink-w

                (remove top cover)                  (remove sidewalls)                 (confirm no foam remains)

Photo 6 How to use Foam Dishwasher

CONCLUSIONS AND A RECOMMENDATION

This paper gives its conclusions and a recommendation as follows:

(1)  One of the writers (He) has studied a series of Airbus-crash events and presented the results in a series of reports. There’s no response from the parties concerned. It’s supposed that oligopoly of the parties concerned makes them do so.

(2)  In order to verify the supposition, he’s studied the events by analogy to a selected counter-event in a competition society. A dishwasher market is a competition society. Hence, if a study subject would be selected in this society, he could have reasonses to his report. Referring to the responses, he’d find a breakthrough to a solution to the matter with the study in the oligopoly society. Dishwasher market slump has been chosen as the counter-event. The study starts with this theme with a student (her) who has been studying the same theme.

(3)  Dishwashers in the current markets are products from a premise, “high-speed-sol jet is a sole solution.” It’s a wrong premise. The current dishwasher maker has been possessed by the premise. This is the very cause of the current dishwasher market slump.

(4)  In dish-washing, detergent exhibits detergency better in a foam phase than in a sol phase. This is the basic finding (premise) with which everything should restart.

(5)  Sol’s detergency owes its power to detergent’s two basic abilities, viz. solvent and surfactant. These abilities are also possesed by foam as it’s made from sol.

(6)  A characteristic that makes foam be better than sol is foam’s own dynamics. Foam reduces its film thickness ceaselessly ending up in bursts. Because of this dynamics, foam exerts quite a fine-grained work-done on dirt. Sol or foam in sol doesn’t have this ability. Washing dishes ‘by high-speed (and high-temperature) sol jet’ is tantamount to cutting a chicken head by a guillotine and cock it by a boiler.

(7)  To salvage the current dishwasher from the continuing market slump, the writers herewith forward Foam Dishwasher before the societies concerned.

(8)  Dishwasher makers’ society is recommended to get rid of the wrong premise, and restart the production in accordance with the new premise given by this paper. There’s no other way to exit from the current dishwasher market slump.

EPILOGUE

For the useful but simple device, Foam Dishwasher, which the writers are about to present in this paper, they neither want nor claim royalty or a patent. Everybody is free to use it. However, would-be users are kindly advised to refer to ‘Users’ Manuals for the Foam Dishwashers’ to be posted for some time later.

Even for the limited purpose of this academic paper, i.e., to know only primary principles of foam, they’ve spent 2 years. Foam, a composite of liquid and gas, is a very tricky material comparing with other solid, fluid or gas materials. For instance, it changes its properties in a sec. order, even under constant conditions. Each change may claim each piece of know-how in practices. Therefore, it isn’t strange even if they need more than 1 year to compose the final draft of Manuals. Please be patient a little while.

Of course, it’s free for anybody to exert complimentary efforts and to make the Foam Dishwasher herewith presented to be practical. The writers should appreciate it.

REFERENCE

Google.com, 検索キーワード: study on airbus crash event,        (As of 2018... the writers’ comment)

Search Results 約5,030,000 件中 1 ページ目 10件

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[01] Sohei Matsuno : STUDY ON EGYPTAIR AIRBUS CRASH

       soheimatsuno.blogspot.com/2016/10/study-on-egyptair-airbus-crash.html

               Oct 18, 2016 - This Report is of a study on EgyptAir Flight MS804 crash (19/May/2016). It's a 4th event in a series of Airbus crashes during a 444-day period...

[02] Sohei Matsuno : STUDY ON RUSSIAN METROJET AIRBUS CRASH

       soheimatsuno.blogspot.com/2016/01/study-on-russian-metrojet-airbus-crash.html

      Jan 8, 2016 - In the 4^th event, Airbus' rear body broke up in mid-air. Hence, the ... This report pertains to a causation study on a plane crash. In this study field...

[03] Sohei Matsuno : REVIEW OF AIRBUS CRASH & BUDGET SYSTEM

       soheimatsuno.blogspot.com/2016/05/review-of-airbus-crash-budget-system.html

          May 30, 2016 - In a causation study on a plane crash, there's a background against..... During his studies on Airbus crashes, this is a 5th event explained by a...

[04] ^[PDF] A STUDY ON LUFTHANSA GERMANWINGS AIRBUS CRASH

      www.akademika.iba.ac.id/documents/.../Germanwings%20Airbus%20crash%20(1).pd...

     by S Matsuno - ‎Related articles

      Lufthansa Germanwings Airbus crash event as it was so done for the AirAsia Airbus ... the methodology (methods, principles and rules) of a causation study.

[05] ^[PDF] a causal study on the airasia airbus crash event - Universitas IBA

       www.akademika.iba.ac.id/.../AirAsia%20flight%20QZ8501%20missing_update17jan...

     Jan 17, 2015 - A CAUSAL STUDY ON THE AIRASIA AIRBUS CRASH EVENT ... Keywords: AirAsia Airbus crash, causal theory, snare in budget system.

[06] ^[PDF] a causal study on the airasia airbus crash event - Universitas IBA

       www.akademika.iba.ac.id/.../AirAsia%20flight%20QZ8501%20missing%20up.pdf

     by S Matsuno - ‎Cited by 1 - ‎Related articles

     A CAUSAL STUDY ON THE AIRASIA AIRBUS CRASH EVENT. Sohei Matsuno & Bahrul Ilmi, IBA Univ., Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. E-mail: ...

[07] ^[PDF] LEARN BEA'S PRELIMINARY REPORT ON LUFTHANSA CRASH

       akademika.iba.ac.id/documents/153/Fig,%20BEA%20preliminary%20rep..pdf

     Summarizing the results of studies, the Writers shall forward this Report before ... inductive / deductive investigations of the L-event with the データ from flight recorders .. Comment: A preliminary report on AirAsia Airbus crash provided by the ...

[08] Airbus A320 plane crashes - AirSafe.com

     www.airsafe.com/events/models/a320.htm

     Jul 30, 2016 - Lists fatal plane crashes and other significant safety events involving the Airbus A320 aircraft.

[09] ^[PDF] Aircraft Loss of Control Causal Factors and Mitigation Challenges

     https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20100039467.pdf

     by SR Jacobson - ‎2010 - ‎Cited by 17 - ‎Related articles

     An analysis of accident data by the NASA systems analysis group on behalf of .... Table 51 shows loss of control events for civil aviation occurring in the United States..... (URTA)11 developed by The Boeing Company, Airbus, S.A.S., and Flight ...

[10] ^[PDF] Human Factors Aspects in Incidents/Accidents - Airbus

www.airbus.com/fileadmin/.../AirbusSafetyLib_-FLT_OPS-HUM_PER-SEQ01.pdf

 Overall, high workload is a factor in 80 % of incidents and accidents resulting from crew ... The operational and human factors analysis of operational events

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[11] Color and Film Thickness | Soap Bubble Wiki | FANDOM powered by ...

soapbubble.wikia.com/wiki/Color_and_Film_Thickness

[12] How Dishwashers Work | HowStuffWorks

        https://home.howstuffworks.com/dishwasher.htm

[13] How Dishwashers Work BY ED GRABIANOWSKI

[14] http://panasonic.jp/wash/awa.html

     Top for individuals Consumer electronics Washing machine Drop the dirt with the power of the foam! Foam washing

[15] A clogged dishwasher drain, Balkan Drain Cleaning440×321, Search by Image

[16] bahrul ilmi - SINTA - Science and Technology Index

        sinta.ristekdikti.go.id/authors/detail?id=5984462&view...

        Translate this page

        Top 5 Papers by Citations, Citation. A CAUSAL STUDY ON THE AIRASIA AIRBUS CRASH EVENT: | vol: | issue: | 2015. 1. Studi disain eksperimental metode taguchi untuk proses laminasi ekstrusi polypropylene pada film oriented polypropylene: FT-UI | vol: | issue : | 1999. 0. ANALISA KONSERVASI ENERGI ...

[17] Documents - SINTA - Science and Technology Index

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        Identifikasi karakter agro-morfologi varietas padi (Oeryza sativa L.) potensial lahan pasang surut (ISSN:2303-1158): N Kesmayanti, E Mareza: AgrIBA 2 (1), 70-77 | vol: | issue : | 2014. 2. A CAUSAL STUDY ON THE AIRASIA AIRBUS CRASH EVENT: S Matsuno, B Ilmi: | vol: | issue : | 2015. 1. Studi Komparasi Fase Vegetatif.